Saturday, November 16, 2019

Alike or Different Essay Example for Free

Alike or Different Essay We can try and change ourselves, by changing our appearance, putting on makeup, wearing different clothes, jewellery, etc. But it’s not just a case of appearance, but it also involves the person underneath that mask everyone tries to hide behind. Nobody has ever tried to look at the person underneath before judging them. It’s just ego that stands in the way. What will the result be when people are stripped of all their accessories, when that mask is removed? What we get is a rollercoaster of emotions. Things that people can never guess are hidden underneath. And that’s yet another similarity, which makes mistaken judgment also put into account. Feelings are also something to look at. For example, people do get happy, angry and sad in different situations, but everyone still gets those emotions at times, regardless of reason. And everyone goes through the same life cycle, how they’re born, turn to children, then the teenage, middle aging comes after, then being old, and finally death. Everyone will face death someday. And everyone is made by God, and made of the same materials, as some believe. Everyone eats and breathes, everyone has the five senses, nobody can live without a vital organ, and no one can have supernatural powers. And these are all similarities. * A lot more people don’t believe in that saying, they believe that people differ in a lot of things, and the things that they have in common with others can be looked at from a different angle, making them into another difference. For example, everyone is a human being, but everyone is a different kind of human being, depending on personality, looks, and abilities. And the fact that everyone has a dream that is to be fulfilled can also be a difference, like everyone has a different dream and a different goal for the future. As for the life, everyone does have a life, but it depends on how they live it, and how everyone uses it that makes a difference. Besides, some people are born to have the personality to be good leaders, and others have the power and will to work hard in what they’re good at, while others don’t treasure their abilities, and instead they use it for their own good, to get the better out of things, while they cause hurt to everyone else around them. That’s an example of being and not being able to be a useful person, to not use life wisely, and another way why people are different. Some believe that people differ in how they look (both on the outside and the inside), how they react to things around them, their personality, beliefs, ethics and religions. What can also count as a difference is how everyone is raised, what they’re taught to believe, where and when they were born and who they lived with. People often adopt habits from those they live with, which can sometimes be good, and sometimes be bad. That can make a lot of differences compared to someone who was born rich, lived rich, and died rich. Another way of looking at things is people’s appearance. Some people really care about how they look, and always try to look their best at times. Some wouldn’t give that subject a second thought. Some do care, but not so much. And that’s related to both personality and physical appearance. Language spoken is also a difference. And the fact that some of us can do something that others can’t, which comes down to ability. Furthermore sometimes people have disabilities that others don’t have. Sometimes there are illnesses and diseases that run in families, and some inherit that disease and some don’t, which is another difference. If we try and list these differences they will not have an end, and just thinking would take long too. So it’s not a case of what is the same and what can be different, it’s just how people think about things in their own point of view. So regardless of what there is that can be used as an argument, and however we think the ones who think the opposite are wrong, and no matter which angle we use look at things, it all goes back to opinion, and opinions are very important. And my opinion stays the same, but what about yours? And what’s more important is to reason why we look at things from that point of view, and if we really are being fair, or if we are just judging others by what we think of them, and how we think of them. And most importantly, are we really being fair, or do we just think we are?

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Nudity: Art or Pornography :: Essays Papers

Nudity: Art or Pornography People often end up on the opposite sides of the argument concerning the fine line between art and pornography. Artists sometimes include nude depictions or descriptions of the human form in their work. The artists and many other liberals and citizens of the art world argue that it is important for artists to feel the freedom to express themselves in any way that they wish. The problem with this liberty is that many people find the nude body offensive and believe that these images should not be considered art but pornography instead. This is a valid and important dilemma, but as Dennis Barrie describes art in a speech that was published in Art Journal, â€Å"†¦sometimes art is not beautiful, and sometimes it’s challenging, and sometimes it’s even offensive, and yet it can be art, even if it’s all those things† (Barrie 30). Artists should always be allowed to express themselves fully and not fear public reprimand despite the risk they may run of offending people who cannot appreciate their work. The United States has always prided itself on being a free country that values its first amendment. Many people agree that the most important right in the United States constitution is a citizen’s right to freely express him or herself. The problem in this situation is that people also value living in a country without fear of being offended. Our laws are created to protect one’s self as well as others. So, it is important to attempt to meet everyone’s needs as much as is possible in a free society. Dennis Barrie, director of Contemporary Arts Center of Cincinnati, was indicted and eventually acquitted for the exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe, depicting nudity and human bondage. In 1991 Barrie spoke of the events surrounding the situation at the seventy-ninth annual convocation of the College Art Association in a speech called â€Å"The Scene of the Crime†. When Barrie described the day that the police entered the museum to remove the photographs he makes an important point, â€Å"More than anything, that image—that image of policeman in uniforms pushing patrons out of a museum because of what is on the walls—is the image that’s going to haunt me for the rest of my life. Because that isn’t our country, or it shouldn’t be our country† (Barrie 30).

Monday, November 11, 2019

Higher education in the USA Essay

Faktorami, opredelyayuschimi yavlyaetsya li uchrezhdenie odnim iz luchshih, ili odnim iz menee prestizhnyh, yavlyayutsya: kachestvo obucheniya fakul’tetov, kachestvo oborudovaniya dlya issledovanij, uroven’ finansirovaniya bibliotek, special’nyh programm, i t. d. , a takzhe kompetentnost’ i chislo pretendentov na priem, to est’ naskol’ko dannoe uchrezhdenie svobodno v vybore studentov. Vse `eti faktory dopolnyayut drug druga. Voobsche v Soedinennyh SHtatah priznano, chto est’ bolee i menee predpochtitel’nye uchrezhdeniya dlya obucheniya i polucheniya vysshego obrazovaniya. Bolee predpochtitel’nye uchrezhdeniya obychno, no ne vsegda, yavlyayutsya bolee dorogostoyaschimi, i okonchanie odnogo iz nih mozhet prinesti znachitel’nye preimuschestva, poskol’ku kazhdyj chelovek ischet vozmozhnost’ zanyatosti i social’nuyu podvizhnost’ v predelah obschestva. Konkurs na postuplenie v takoj kolledzh pobuzhdaet milliony starsheklassnikov sdavat’ SAT kazhdyj god. No nedavno akcent na vstupitel’nyh `ekzamenah shiroko kritikovalsya v Soedinennyh SHtatah, potomu chto `ekzameny pozvolyayut opredelit’ kompetentnost’ v matematike i anglijskom yazyke. V zaschituispol’zovaniya   `ekzamenov kak kriteriev pri postuplenii, rukovoditeli mnogih universitetov govoryat, chto ispol’zovanie SAT pozvolyaet spravedlivo reshit’, kogo prinyat’, kogda imeetsya 10 ili 12 pretendentov na odno mesto. Mogut li kolledzhi i universitety Ameriki osnovyvat’sya na ih rezul’tatah? Priblizitel’no 12 millionov studentov v nastoyaschee vremya poseschayut shkoly vysshego obrazovaniya v Amerike. Oni – studenty v obschestve, kotoroe verit v svyaz’ mezhdu obrazovaniem i demokratiej. Odnako, mnozhestvo amerikancev ne udovletvoreny sostoyaniem vysshego obrazovaniya v ih strane. Vozmozhno, naibolee shiroko rasprostranennoe nedovol’stvo vyzyvaet uchebnyj plan kolledzha v celom i shirokij diapazon dopolnitel’nyh zanyatij v chastnosti. V seredine 80-yh godov proshlogo veka Associaciya Amerikanskih Kolledzhej (AAC) vypustila doklad, v kotorom prizyvala k prepodavaniyu bazovoj chasti obschih znanij vsem studentam kolledzha. Nacional’nyj Institut Obrazovaniya (NIE) vypustil podobnyj zhe doklad- â€Å"Uchastie v obuchenii†. V svoem doklade NIE zaklyuchil, chto uchebnyj plan kolledzha stal â€Å"chrezmerno professional’no-tehnicheskim i svyazannym s rabotoj†. V nem takzhe preduprezhdaetsya, chto obrazovanie kolledzha bol’she ne mozhet razvivat’ v studentah â€Å"razdelennye cennosti i znaniya†, chto tradicionno svyazyvayut Amerikancev vmeste. Ser’eznoe obvinenie. Dejstvitel’no li `eto tak? V nekotoroj stepeni na dannyj moment `eto vozmozhno. Konechno, nekotorye studenty zakanchivayut svoe obuchenie bez kursa po Zapadnoj Civilizacii, ne upominaya drugie mirovye kul’tury. Drugie ostavlyayut kolledzh, ne izuchiv nauku ili pravitel’stvo. V otvet, mnogie kolledzhi nachali peresmatrivat’ osnovnoj uchebnyj plan, s kotorym vse studenty dolzhny spravlyat’sya. `Eti problemy – priznak togo, chto vysshee obrazovanie v Amerike menyaetsya, kak `eto imelo mesto vsegda v ego istorii. I, kak v proshlom, `eto izmenenie mozhet idti v neozhidannyh napravleniyah. Puritane osnovyvali kolledzhi, chtoby obuchat’ ministrov. No ih studenty proyavili sebya kak osnovopolozhniki pervoj v mire konstitucionnoj demokratii. Kolledzhi predostavleniya zemli byli osnovany, chtoby prepodavat’ sel’skoe hozyajstvo i proektirovanie stroitelyam Amerikanskogo Zapada. Segodnya, mnogie iz `etih kolledzhej yavlyayutsya veduschimi shkolami v nauchno-issledovatel’skom mire. Amerikancy vsegda delali stavku na â€Å"sozdanie sistemnoj raboty†. Oni imeyut osobo veskie prichiny dlya vypolneniya `etogo v oblasti obrazovaniya. Lyudi v Soedinennyh SHtatah segodnya stalkivayutsya s vazhnymi voprosami: â€Å"CHto yavlyaetsya nadlezhaschej rol’yu Ameriki kak strany s samoj staroj v mire konstitucionnoj demokratiej; s samoj bol’shoj `ekonomikoj; yavlyayuschejsya pervoj yadernoj derzhavoj? † Amerikancy uvazhayut svoe pravo vyrazit’ mnenie po vsem `etim problemam. No lyudi Soedinennyh SHtatov takzhe gluboko osoznayut, chto takie problemy dolzhny rassmatrivat’sya v komplekse. CHtoby prinimat’ uchastie v novyh voznikayuschih problemah, bol’shinstvo amerikancev chuvstvuet, chto oni nuzhdayutsya vo vsej informacii, kotoruyu oni mogut poluchit’. Kolledzhi i universitety – naibolee vazhnye centry takogo izucheniya. I nezavisimo ot togo, chto mogut trebovat’sya usovershenstvovaniya, ih buduschee polnost’yu garantiruetsya amerikanskoj zhazhdoj progressa i horoshej informirovannosti. Fakticheski, sleduyuschej zadachej amerikanskogo obrazovaniya mozhet stat’ tendenciya dlya lyudej prodolzhit’ ih obrazovanie v kolledzhe – dlya dal’nejshej zhizni. Slovar’. A Accept – Prinimat’ Achieves – Dostigat’ Accomplishment – Vypolnenie Account – Schet Adequate – Adekvatnyj Admission – Dopusk Admitted – Dopuschennyj Advantage – Preimuschestvo Agriculture – Sel’skoe hozyajstvo. Amount – Kolichestvo Applicant – Pretendent Application – Zayavlenie Association of American Colleges(AAC) – Associaciya Amerikanskih Kolledzhej Available – Dostupnyj Aware – Znaya B Bachelor’s degree – Stepen’ Bakalavra Be either – Byt’ takzhe Beyond – Vne Bond – Obyazatel’stvo C Certainly – Konechno Community – Soobschestvo Competition – Sorevnovanie Competence – Kompetentnost’ Complete – Polnyj Comprise – Vklyuchit’ Condition – Uslovie(sostoyanie) Contain – Soderzhat’ Conversely – Naoborot Costly – Dorogostoyaschij Criticized – Kritikuemyj Currently – V nastoyaschee vremya Curriculum – Uchebnyj plan D. Demand – Trebovanie Democracy – Demokratiya Desirable – ZHelatel’nyj Determining – Opredelenie Distinction – Razlichie Duration – Prodolzhitel’nost’ E Elective – Izbiratel’nyj Emphasis – Akcent Employment – Zanyatost’ Equal prestige – Ravnyj prestizh â€Å"Excessively vocational and work-related† – † CHrezmerno professional’no- tehnicheskij i svyazannyj s rabotoj † Exist – Suschestvovat’ G Graduate – Diplomirovannyj specialist Government – Pravitel’stvo H Higher education – Vysshee obrazovanie I Impression – Vpechatlenie Independent – Nezavisimyj Interviews – Interv’yu Issued – Vypuschennyj L Lead – Liderstvo. Majority – Bol’shinstvo Master’s degree – Stepen’ mastera Measure – Mera Mention – Upominanie Merely – Prosto Might – Mog by N National Institute of Education(NIE) – Nacional’nyj Institut Obrazovaniya Nuclear power – YAdernaya derzhava O Offer – Predlozhenie Obtain – Poluchit’ Opinions – Mneniya Opportunities – Vozmozhnosti Outstanding – Vydayuschijsya P Painfully – Gluboko Particular – Specificheskij(osobennyj) Percent – Procent Perhaps – Vozmozhno Proper – Nadlezhaschij Provide – Obespechit’ Public – Gosudarstvennyj(obschestvennyj) Puritans – Puritane Private – CHastnyj R Receive – Poluchit’. Recently – Nedavno Recognized – Priznannyj Recommendations – Rekomendacii Regard – Otnoshenie Reinforce – Ukrepit’ Respect – Uvazhenie S Satisfactory – Udovletvoritel’nyj Satisfied – Udovletvorennyj Seek – Iskat’ Similar – Podobnyj Simply – Prosto Scholars – Uchenye Scientific research – Nauchnoe issledovanie Social mobility – Social’naya mobil’nost’ Success – Uspeh T Traditional bind – Tradicionno svyazyvayut â€Å"The shared values and knowledge† – † Razdelennye cennosti i znanie † Q Quality of research facilities – Kachestvo sredstv obsluzhivaniya issledovaniya W Whether – Li Widespread – SHiroko rasprostranennyj.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

M1 Revision Exam Notes

The  Big  50  Revision  Guidelines  ? M1   OPHS The  Big  50  Revision  Guidelines  for  M1 If  you  can  understand  all  of  these  you’ll  do  very  well†¦Ã‚   1. Understand  what  is  meant  by  a  Model  in  Mechanics,  and  why  all  real? life  systems  have  to  be   modelled  in  order  to  be  analysed  theoretically   2. Know  how  everyday  objects  are  modelled  as  Particle,  Lamina,  Rigid  Body,  Rod  (Light,  Uniform,  Non? uniform),  String  (Light,  Inextensible),  Pulley  (Light,  Smooth),  Surface  (Rough,  Smooth),  Bead,  Wire   and  Peg  and  the  corresponding  assumptions  that  go  with  each  of  these   3.Know  the  difference  between  a  Vector  and  a  Scalar  quantity,  and  be  able  to  give  an  example  of  each   4. Understand  a nd  use  the  idea  of  a  vector  to  represent  displacements,  velocities,  accelerations  and   forces  in  a  plane   5. Know  the  difference  between  speed  (a  scalar)  and  velocity  (a  vector)   6. Know  the  difference  between  Ã¢â‚¬Å"mass†Ã‚  and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"weight†Ã‚   7. Know  the  difference  between  Ã¢â‚¬Å"gravitational  acceleration†Ã‚  and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"gravitational  force†Ã‚   8. Be  able  to  explain  what  a  force  is  without  using  the  word  Ã¢â‚¬Å"force†Ã‚   9. Be  able  to  explain  what  time  is  without  using  the  word  Ã¢â‚¬Å"time†Ã‚   10.Given  a  velocity  or  acceleration  in  terms  of  unit  i  and  j  vectors,  understand  how  to  find  its   magnitude  and  direction,  and  vice  versa   11. Know  how  to  work  with  i  and   j  components  separately  in  calculations   12. Know  how  to  write  down  straightaway  the  position  vector  at  time  t  of  a  particle,  given  its  initial   position  vector  and  the  velocity  with  which  it  is  moving   13. Understand  the  Triangle  Law  and  Parallelogram  Law  for  combining  vectors   14. Understand  how  to  apply  the  Sine  and  Cosine  Rules  for  calculating  angles  between  vectors 1 The  Big  50  Revision  Guidelines  ?M1   OPHS 15. Know  how  to  resolve  any  vector  (force,  velocity,  acceleration)  into  two  perpendicular  directions   using  sine  and  cosine  respectively   16. Be  able  to  quote  from  memory  at  least  five  different  formulae  describing  motion  under  constant   acceleration,  using  the  five  variables  in  the  mnemonic  Ã¢â‚¬Å"uvats†Ã‚   17. Know  how  to  construct  and  interpret  time  graphs  for  Displacement,  Velocity/Speed  and   Acceleration,  with  particular  understanding  of  what  can  be  determined  from  the  gradient  of,  and/or   the  area  under,  the  graph  thus  drawn   18.Be  able  to  quote  from  memory  Newton’s  three  Laws  of  Motion   19. Know  how  to  calculate  momentum  given  the  mass  and  velocity  of  a  particle   20. Be  able  to  explain  the  connection  between  Impulse,  Force,  Time  and  Momentum   21. Know  the  connection  between  the  gradient  of  a  slope  and  the  tangent  of  the  angle  it  makes  with   the  horizontal   22. Know  how  to  calculate  any  two  of  sin  ? ,  cos  ? and  tan  ? given  the  third,  without  finding  the  value  of ? first 23. Know  how  to  solve  quadratic  equations  using  a  variety  of  methods  besides  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the  formula†Ã‚   24.Know  how  to  solve  simultaneous  equations  using  a  variety  of  methods   25. Be  able  to  explain  the  connection  between  Friction  Force  F,  Coefficient  of  Friction  Ã‚ µÃ‚  and  Reaction   Force  R,  in  particular  being  able  to  explain  the  circumstances  in  which  friction  increases  to  a   maximum  value  and  then  stays  at  that  value   26. Be  able  to  describe  a  scenario  in  which  friction  is  acting  up  a  slope,  and  then  another  scenario  in   which  friction  is  acting  down  a  slope  Ã‚   27. Understand  how  to  read  a  given  question  in  order  to  determ ine  the  nature  and  direction  of  friction

Thursday, November 7, 2019

20 Quotations About Young Love

20 Quotations About Young Love Young love- so naive, so immature, so unsophisticated, yet ever so charming! Every generation warns the next of the heartaches and the heartbreaks that come with this love, yet, each generation is eager to experience it. Authors have tried to express the happy occurrence that we call young love. Here are some such young love quotes. Margaret Atwood, The Blind Assassin: A Novel The young habitually mistake lust for love, theyre infested with idealism of all kinds. Richard Dahm, The Middle, episode: A Tough Pill to Swallow, 2016, Frankie Heck Wind power, water power, coal power- how great would it be if you could harness the power of a young man in love? Criss Jami,  Killosophy â€Å"Its a good sign but rare instance when, in a relationship, you find that the more you learn about the other person, the more you continue to desire them. A sturdy bond delights in that degree of youthful intrigue. Love loves its youth.†Ã‚   Ta-Nehisi Coates â€Å"What I am telling you is that you do not need to know to love, and it is right that you feel it all in any moment. And it is right that you see it through- that you are amazed, then curious, then belligerent, then heartbroken, then numb. You have the right to all of it.† Alessandra Torre,  The Ghostwriter â€Å"There is nothing like young love. It comes at a time before the heart knows to protect itself, when everything important is raw and exposed- the perfect environment for a soul-sucking, heart-crushing burst.†Paige P. Horne,  If Id Known Young love is like a raging fire that cant be tamed. Its addictive and borderline obsessive. Satisfying in every way, yet never getting enough. Im the flames, and hes the fuel keeping me burning. We are perfect.† Liz Thebart,  Walk Away   â€Å"Beginnings are easy, but after that, happiness takes some work.†Ã‚   Eoin Colfer,  Airman â€Å"Young love is common, but that doesnt mean its not precious.†Muse, â€Å"Lollypopthe passion contained merely kissesplaced upon lips, neck and cheekthese young lovers of the castleof which our fairytale speaks†Ã‚   Justin Go,  The Steady Running of the Hour â€Å"It didnt matter. I was young and we were together.† Daphne du Maurier,  Rebecca   â€Å"I am glad it cannot happen twice, the fever of first love. For it is a fever, and a burden, too, whatever the poets may say. They are not brave, the days when we are twenty-one. They are so full of little cowardices, little fears without foundation, and one is so easily bruised, so swiftly wounded, one falls to the first barbed word.† William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, Romeo Ah me! how sweet is love itself possessd,When but loves shadows are so rich in joy! A.P.,  Sabine   You must ask the young if you want to know what love is. Only they are deep enough in it to describe. We older ones have clues and simulacra, we base our judgment, like pathologists do, on the dents and scars and sediments of hearts long kept in formaldehyde. It is the pulsing heart you want to probe: the pulsing, beating, leaping, dipping, fluttering heart of a seventeen-year-old.†Ã‚   Chang-rae Lee,  On Such a Full Sea â€Å"For no matter the shadows of an age, the picture of a young couple in love, we are told, speaks most luminously of the future, as the span of that passion makes us believe we can overleap any walls, obliterate whatever obstacles.†Ã‚   Benjamin DisraeliThe magic of first love is our ignorance that it can ever end. Maya AngelouThe loss of young first love is so painful that it borders on the ludicrous. Nicholas Sparks Theres no love like the first.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anonymous When a man is in love for the first time he thinks he invented it. Lang Leav,  Sad Girls Your first love isnt the first person you give your heart to―its the first one who breaks it. George Bernard Shaw First love is only a little foolishness and a lot of curiosity.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Evolution of strategy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evolution of strategy - Coursework Example 36). It also involves the creation of a plan that details the actions, which need to be undertaken in order to achieve the organizations goals. The plan will act as the road map that outlines the actions of the organization, which must be undertaken for its objectives to be met. Planning is therefore an important function in management as it seeks to ensure that the organizations goals and objectives are implemented. This function is not restricted to the management of organizations only, as it also proves beneficial in the management of different aspects of an individual’s life. Explored below are concepts linked to management in relation to my pursuit of my academic diploma. Planning as a function necessitates the identification of detailed objectives. Goal setting is a complex process, and requires the individual or organization to set SMART objectives. SMART goals are specific in nature, measurable, realistic, and attainable within a specific timeframe. The latter is of importance in my pursuit of the Management diploma, as it helps me distinguish between short and long-term goals. For example, successfully completing this semester’s coursework is my short-term goal, which will in turn help me accomplish my long-term goal; graduating with my diploma. Planning enables me to structure my reading schedule based on the immediacy of my goals. John Locke the seventieth century philosopher was of the opinion that those who have been charged with the responsibility of managing are bound by a â€Å"social contract† since the many have given up rights and privileges in order to let them lead (Yolton, 1998, pp. 191-7). The same concept applies in management planning where management decisions when ‘in developing systems for your people (employees) to use you are touching lives† (Belke & McCormick, 2012, p. 225). Based on Locke’s supposition, I am accountable for managing my

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Discussion questions 1-6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion questions 1-6 - Assignment Example They both involve finding the minimum or maximum in a set of unfamiliar real variables. A good example is how petroleum products are usually transported, that is transportation from production point to the end user involves a wide range of modes of transport which include tank ships, rail tankers and pipelines. Each mode of transport here has disadvantages but are nonetheless each used in the transportation of petroleum products from the source to the end user. I do agree with Dustin in that a vector is a collection of data of the same type. Vectors help in that the minimize repetition and coding if there is a wide range of data of the same type. Vectors are good I that; they remove or add elements; it access character elements by their location indices and they iterate elements through any order. Vectors perform almost the same way as arrays but also give room for expanding. However they take up more memory space than arrays. This is to allow for future growth. This is also true. A vector is indeed a compilation of data of the same type. However, vectors are also implemented as dynamic arrays meaning that their elements can also be accessed using offsets pointers to the elements. Generally, vectors are generally the fastest when it comes to adding, removing and accessing elements from the end sequence. However, in some situations they don’t perform well. These situations include when removing and adding elements in other positions other than the sequence end This is true, an array should also be declared before being implemented. You should feed the compiler what type of array being defined. Arrays take up less space than vectors hence limiting their efficiency. However, arrays are best used when the data is minimal and when removing and adding elements that are not at the end of the sequence. This is true. Arrays are referred to low level abstraction because they cannot be defined and the code